未能随迁的乡土关系——锦镇搬迁对商贸活动影响的分析

水电工程项目中集镇的搬迁改变了集镇中商户的生计状况。通过集镇搬迁对土产商铺的货源、农资商铺的稳定客户群、服装商铺转场经营的影响分析,指出搬迁前商户与消费者处于同一市场体系内,商户和周边农村在商品供销上形成了基于乡土性社会关系的商品交换网络,各行业生意红火；搬迁后原有的乡土性关系破碎,市场体系被打破。土产商铺失去农村货源,不得不从更高一级市场进货,利润空间压缩；农资商铺失去乡村的固定客户群后趋于消亡；服装商铺难以实现转场经营,消费群体锐减,生意冷清。     

Tax compliance depends on voice of taxpayers

Reducing the social distance between taxpayers and tax authorities boosts taxpayers’ acceptance of tax load and tax compliance. In the present experiment participants had the opportunity to pay their tax due either as one single compliance decision or as separate compliance decisions for each type of requested contribution (coined voice on contributions). In addition, contributions were either distributed according to a fixed scheme exogenously chosen, or participants had the possibility to change the distribution pattern (coined voice on distribution). Furthermore information about participants’ contributions was either clearly related to the tax context or related to government public expenditures (coined context). Besides analyzing the effect of voice and context on compliance, order of tax payments was controlled for in the analyses. Results show that having voice on tax contributions and on tax distribution leads to higher compliance. Moreover, compliance was higher in the context avoiding tax framing.     

On the failure rate estimation of the inverse gaussian distribution

New estimators of the inverse Gaussian failure rate are proposed based on the maximum likelihood predictive densities derived by Yang (1999). These estimators are compared, via Monte Carlo simulation, with the usual maximum likelihood estimators of the failure rate and found to be superior in terms of bias and mean squared error. Sensitivity of the estimators against the departure from the inverse Gaussian distribution is studied.     

不同市场能力下的“电商—平台—物流”在线销售系统的决策研究

近年来,随着互联网的快速发展,市场上衍生出了一些在线销售网站。考虑了一个包含电商卖家、电商平台和物流公司的在线销售系统模型,其中需求依赖于产品价格、平台和物流服务水平。研究了当物流、平台同时决策时,在线销售系统中电商卖家和平台、物流之间的不同市场能力结构问题。考虑了3种不同市场能力的分散决策模型:(1)物流-平台Stackelberg模型;(2)电商Stackelberg模型;(3)Nash模型。相关的均衡解和最优利润被得到。研究结果表明,在不同的市场能力结构下,当物流公司和平台同时决策时,即使他们的服务投入不相同,但最优收费相同。市场能力结构对在线销售成员和消费者有重要的影响。对电商而言,当市场能力较高时,会制定较低的零售价格,并获得最多的利润,同时能够提升消费者购买的积极性;当市场能力较低时,电商会制定较高的零售价格,并获得最少的利润。对平台和物流公司而言,当市场能力较高时,会制定比较高的收费,同时付出较少的努力,但并不能获得最高利润,同时会打击消费者的积极性;但是,当市场能力较低时,他们一定获得最少的利润。在Nash模型中,平台和物流公司会付出最大的努力,同时获得最大的利润,而整个在线销售系统的总利润也是最多。在物流-平台Stackelberg模型中,平台和物流公司付出的努力最少,而整个在线销售系统的总利润也最少。     

广西三江县侗族中秋节习俗调查

三江县侗族的中秋节是家庭团聚的日子,也是村寨、宗族交往和民族交流的日子。鱼宴、秋社和斗牛活动有利于团结乡邻、加强宗亲和民族交往。由于年轻人外流,传统的大型的男女交往活动"月也"在中秋节期间日趋衰落。侗族人着力以旅游开发促进传统文化的保护与宣传,它对民族文化传承带来的影响,目前尚难作出全面评估。     

The ‘Khanan Dream’: Engagements of Former Buddhist Monks with the Market Economy in Sipsong Panna,PR China

Studies of post-monastic careers and experiences of ordained men in Theravada Buddhist societies are few and far between. This paper explores this topics focusing on the case of Tai Lue former monks (khanan) in Sipsong Panna, in southwest China. During the post-1980 reform period, and contradicting stereotypes concerning economic performance on the part of ethnic minorities, Lue former monks have made use of the skills acquired during monkhood in order to engage with the contemporary economy in urban contexts. While many of them succeed in becoming mediators between the tradition symbolised by the temple and new economic forms, this paper argues that the participation in profit-oriented business of men whose behaviour is expected to be determined by selflessness and sacrifice for the community, provokes contradiction and tension among members of the group. This is seen in a recent economic venture set into motion by a group of young khanan who attempt to take advantage of nascent Buddhist economic networks in Sipsong Panna.     

Economic transition,school expansion and educational inequality in China, 1990–2000

This paper examines the trends in educational stratification during China's economic reforms in the 1990s. Based on the sample data of population censuses in 1990 and 2000, school-age children were matched to their parents’ background information, and the effects of family background on their school enrollment and continuation were investigated. Results show that despite the substantial expansion of educational opportunities in the decade, family background continues to play an important role in determining school enrollment status and school transitions. During the decade, children of rural-hukou status became more disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status on school enrollment was enhanced. Despite the fact that children of rural-hukou status gained relatively more opportunities at junior high school level, as a result of nationwide saturation at the 9-year compulsory education, the rural–urban gap in the likelihood of transition to senior high school level enlarged, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status increased—even after controlling for regional variations in economic development.     

INDEX TO VOLUME 4 (1986)

This article provides an empirical investigation of the risk-neutral variance process and the market price of variance risk implied in the foreign-currency options market. There are three principal contributions. First, the parameters of Heston's mean-reverting square-root stochastic volatility model are estimated using dollar/mark option prices from 1987 to 1992. Second, it is shown that these implied parameters can be combined with historical moments of the dollar/mark exchange rate to deduce an estimate of the market price of variance risk. These estimates are found to be nonzero, time varying, and of sufficient magnitude to imply that the compensation for variance risk is a significant component of the risk premia in the currency market. Finally, the out-of-sample test suggests that the historical variance and the Hull and White implied variance contain no more information than that imbedded in the Heston implied variance.     

浅论市场规制法视野下的司法能动

与传统的部门法相比,作为一门新兴学科的经济法法理基础相对薄弱。探析经济法的法理基础是经济法学人必须努力的方向。本文主要论述作为经济法重要组成部分的市场规制法视野下的司法能动学说,阐明司法能动在市场规制领域应用的功能以及需要注意的问题。在市场规制法视野下的司法能动与司法克制并不矛盾,司法克制可以理解为对司法能动限度的合理把握。